![]() The accelerations are so poor that orbital evasion maneuvers are impossible to execute against high-g missiles or anything else really. In range of weapons fire, enemy projectile range is limited primarily by the target’s areal cross section, and its acceleration. With combat spacecraft, it only got worse. It doesn’t matter that you have tons of delta-v, if it takes you years or decades to use it all. NTRs and chemical propulsion turned out to be far superior. Getting between planets, for instance, might require a longer burn time than the actual period of the planets themselves, years, or even decades! Getting cargo anywhere in the solar system was prohibitively slow. Low accelerations not only prevent you from using standard orbital maneuvers like Hohmann Transfers or Orbit Phasing, they vastly increase burn time and ultimately travel time. ![]() Thrust, and by extension, acceleration, is not simply important for dodging in combat. I built a few thrusters in the megawatt range, tried them out on a few missions, and their limitations became immediately apparent. Counterintuitively, trying to get around mediocre acceleration is actually far more difficult.Īfter implementing the Nuclear Thermal Rocket, I looked into ion thrusters, and settled on the Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) Thruster, because it had some of the highest thrust out of all of them, and thrust is quite nice for dodging in combat. You can work with a mediocre exhaust velocity with a greater mass ratio (though this maxes out too, this will be discussed in future posts) and staging. So isn’t exhaust velocity the most important attribute of an engine? If you stick two identical engines together, your thrust doubles, but your exhaust velocity stays constant. You can also scale up the thrust of a rocket, but not the exhaust velocity. ![]() Hey look, those Magnetoplasmadynamic Thrusters have great exhaust velocities. Or if you go for laser propulsion, or fission sails, or many more options, you can achieve orders of magnitude better exhaust velocity. Well designed Solid Core Nuclear Thermal Rockets achieve 4 – 9 km/s, better than chemical propulsion, but mediocre in comparison, for instance, to ion thrusters, which can achieve 100 km/s or more. And due to the rocket equation, the easiest way to get more delta-v is to get a better drive with a better exhaust velocity. ![]() From my perspective, only exploring what a technology can do without keeping tabs on what it can’t is no better than inventing fictitious technologies altogether.īut anyways, why is the Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) the go to drive in use? If you’ve been following the blog, you’ll find that it’s constantly brought up that delta-v is the limiting factor on just about everything. Implementing the basic equations for a technology’s abilities, without fully implementing the mechanical and thermal stresses of that technology, would be disingenuous towards the end goal of the game. Many futuristic and experimental technologies were not included because a full treatment of these technology’s limitations has been published in scientific literature. The primary drive of Children of a Dead Earth is the Solid Core Nuclear Thermal Rocket, though a number of other technologies are supported. Design for a Nuclear Thermal Rocket, which is more or less a nuclear reactor jammed into the thrust chamber of a thermal rocket engine. As you’ll see soon enough, thrust ends up being a heavily limiting factor for space travel. Zero-propellant drives such as solar sails, laser sails, electromagnetic tethers, and the like, are not explored by Children of a Dead Earth due to certain limitations, particularly thrust. Reaction engines are the cornerstone of any exploration of space warfare. ![]() We’re long overdue for a post about the rocketry of the game itself, so here it is finally. ![]()
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![]() ![]() So, start your journey now with our online Photoshop course for free and master editing and designing skills within a few weeks. Videos are created by our expert trainers to ensure career-oriented learning. These 100+ cool Photoshop tutorials are aimed at the clever beginner who wants to master Photoshop from the roots. You will also work on hands-on projects and give tests to track your progress. Short & Crispy TutorialsĮach online session is divided into multiple short lessons to make your learning hassle-free and engaging. ![]() Also, we will help you develop new skills so you can make the best of Photoshop’s effects, layers, and tools. ![]() We focus on improving your practical abilities and skills. Our video content of 9+ hours teaches you all about digital design techniques, topics, and tools, including graphic design, manipulation, and digital illustrator. Whether you are a beginner or a working professional, our video tutorials are created to meet all learning goals. WsCube Tech’s free Adobe Photoshop course provides you with all the content you need to hone your editing skills as a designer, photographer, and visual artist. ![]() You'll also gain valuable experience in working with industry-standard software, as well as can develop a portfolio while watching the sessions. Through practical examples and video sessions, you'll learn to create stunning images, design eye-catching layouts, and retouch photos to perfection. Through a series of practical lessons, youll learn everything you need to know to become a design or digital publishing professional. By taking these 5 courses, youll learn to use Adobe Photoshop even if youve never used the program before. Whether you want to become a professional graphic designer, or visual artist, our training program will provide you with the essential tools and techniques you need to stand out in your field. Learn to master Adobe Photoshop, the most widely used tool for image processing and digital retouching. Our comprehensive course on Photoshop is designed to help you master the skills required to succeed in a variety of creative careers. Learn how to use advanced selections tools in Photoshop, like the Object Selection Tool, to cut people out of complicated backgrounds Sample Image & PSD. A large number of companies and individuals use Adobe Photoshop as the primary visual editor tool to deliver the best results. Images can be filtered, grouped, masked, and went through colour corrections on multiple layers to get flawless or desired results. Find out how to use Photoshop shapes and. Finally, learn how to adjust brush opacity and brush flow.Photoshop is owned by Adobe as a design software to create, edit, and change technical details of photos using its advanced settings and features. Expert-taught Photoshop tutorials and learn image editing, retouching, and color correcting for all skill levels. Second, learn to adjust the size and hardness of brushes from the Brush Tool drop down menu. Learn from industry professionals and master the art of photo editing and. First, learn how to use different brushes. Take your creative skills to the next level with our free Photoshop course. Photoshop is a computerized graphic and photo editing tool through which users can edit, create, and retouch images. Children learn to perform tasks in various ways, not being tied to one. There are three basic things beginners should learn about the Brush Tool. In Photoshop classes children learn the principles of work in the program and its logic. Learning to use the Brush Tool will give you a foundational understanding of other tools in Photoshop, like the Eraser and the Clone Stamp. Youll learn to manage and combine documents, work with layers and selections. Not only are brushes easy to use, the Brush Tool options translate to a number of other tools in Photoshop. Youll start by getting to know Adobe Photoshops interface and its main tools. Brushesīrushes are a foundational tool in Photoshop. If you have wanted to learn Photoshop but haven’t known where to start, here are ten things to learn in Photoshop to become familiar with the program. However, Photoshop is so powerful that approaching it as a beginner can seem daunting. Whether you want to work with product images or design website layouts, Photoshop has the tools you need to get the job done. Learn Adobe Photoshop, earn certificates with paid and free online courses from The Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, SPbPU, Universidad de Malaga and other. log file on your computer so you can share it. Right-click within the Console panel and choose Save As. In the Developer Tools that show on the right, click the Console tab at the top. Adobe Photoshop is an incredibly powerful program that allows you to do professional grade image manipulations and adjustments. Google Chrome: Open the top-right Chrome menu, then in More Tools find and select Developer Tools. ![]() ![]() ![]() The rising of the constellation of the Southern Cross, for instance, signaled that sailors were in the Southern Hemisphere. Different constellations appear at different times of the year, or are only visible from certain places. As the Earth turns, stars and constellations rise and set on the horizon, just like the sun. At night, sailors could use celestial navigation, or the appearance of certain stars or planets relative to the horizon. The sun's position to the horizon told sailors what time of day it was and what direction they were sailing. Before the introduction of modern tools such as global positioning system (GPS) devices, sailors depended on a clear view of the horizon to navigate the ocean. Pilots can change their altitude or flight pattern by changing the horizon to be composed of mostly sky (increasing their altitude) or mostly ground (lowering their altitude). Using a method called "attitude flying," they can control their aircraft by determining the relationship between the aircraft's nose, or front end, and the horizon. Pilots use the horizon to keep aircraft level while in the air. Importance of the Horizon The concept of the horizon is important to different types of work, including aviation, navigation, and art. From orbit, the true horizon is spherical, following the shape of the Earth. The true horizon is the imaginary plane that passes through the center of the Earth, perpendicular to its radius. Astronomical horizons are great circles that surround the observer. The astronomical horizon is the imaginary horizontal plane always at a 90-degree angle from the observer's zenith (the point directly above the observer). They are measurements of the position of the Earth relative to the rest of the sky. ![]() Celestial Horizons Celestial horizons are used by astronomers. ![]() If you're standing on the beach looking out at the sea, the part of the sea that "touches" the horizon is called the offing. The ocean and the sky provide a clean, flat line where the Earth seems to meet the sky. One of the best places to see the sea-level horizon is a beach. The sea-level horizon is the geographic horizon at sea level. Mountains, trees, and other elevated features are not considered part of the geographic horizon. The geographic horizon is the apparent boundary between the Earth and sky. The local horizon may include trees, buildings, and mountains. Earth-Sky Horizons The local horizon, also called the geometrical horizon, is the visible boundary between the Earth and sky. The astronomical horizon and true horizon are celestial horizons. The local horizon, geographic horizon, and sea-level horizon are all Earth-sky horizons. Both Earth-sky and celestial horizons have different sub-types of horizons. There two main types of horizons-Earth-sky horizons and celestial horizons. The horizon is the line that separates the Earth from the sky. ![]() ![]() ![]() "Wild 3: Artists & Animals of Myakka" includes more than 60 wildlife photos, paintings and sculptures. Longboat Key Center for the Arts, 6860 S. Wilson House and its place in Sarasota County History. View Jeffrey Webber results in Florida (FL) including current phone number, address, relatives, background check report, and property record with Whitepages. A self-guided tour explains the historic C.B. War PARRY UWAN A HAND WEBBER WOODS DR WAKE AVE KOSTEN PL LA AZALEA 32 JEFF. ![]() Wilson House at Urfer Family Park, 4000 Honore Ave., Sarasota. RD GOOM SUNRISE EEWYNN 3 SHADOW LA SHADOW CO OAKS RD N LEEWYNN Sarasota Golf. Includes breakfast and lunch, snacks and drinks along the route. The 10th annual Ride The Beach, the biggest bike event in Sarasota County, offers 15-, 31- and 62-mile rides. Registration required for participants, who must bring their own kayaks. Sarasota County naturalists will lead a casual journey along the mangrove tunnels and oyster beds of Lemon Bay. Lemon Bay Park and Environmental Center, 570 Bay Park Blvd., Englewood. 861-5000 .Įnglewood Kayaking - 12:30-4 p.m. Join Sarasota County Environmental Specialist, Jeff Weber, for a guided hike during ‘Prescribed Fire Awareness Week’ at this rural eastern Sarasota County site. County environmental specialist Jeff Webber will lead a hike through the forested hammocks and pine flatwoods along the shore of Shakett Creek. Pocono Trail Preserve, 189 Pocono Trail, Nokomis. By Julie Webber To help managers organize staff meetings without time conflicts, Palantir recently introduced a program that can search multiple schedules. Box 147, Brooker, FL 32622-0147 is the only known post office box.Nokomis Nature Hike - 9-11 a.m. The phone number (352) 331-2337 is also used by Carla Durant, Brendan Scott Beck, Monica Miyuki Yamada-oklin. Jeffrey Aldon Webber (age 49) is listed at 7766 Silver Bell Dr Sarasota, Fl 34241 and has no political party affiliation. Click a location below to find Jeffrey more easily. Jeff Webber (last played by Richard Dean Anderson), father of Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst). ![]() General Hospital spoilers suggest that Dr. Petersburg-Clearwater, West Palm Beach-Boca Raton and 14 other cities. OctoStacy Feintuch Elizabeth Webber, Heather Webber, Jeff Webber. Five persons, including Bella P Fox, Jeffrey J Fox, Sarah S Fox, Aurelia F Fox, Rose Joy Fox, listed the phone number (941) 922-2501 as their own, various documents indicated. Florida Jeffrey Webber in Florida 40 people named Jeffrey Webber found in Tampa-St. Listing Provided by: Jeff Kattrein, (941) 702-4279. From Aurelia’s residence history, Wendy Loren harper Lavalle, Felicity J Talbot, Kimberly A Sandberg are two of the eight people who know Aurelia. 6470 Hollywood Blvd 308, Sarasota, FL 34231 is a 910 sqft, 2 bed. associated with Anne Fox, Bella Fox, Flora Fox, Jeffrey Fox and Lena Wessel. Bradenton, FL and Sarasota, FL are just two of the four cities where Aurelia has lived. Aurelia Webber also lived in Sarasota FL, Bradenton FL and Gainesville FL. The address history of Aurelia can be traced back to 1600 NW 4th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32603. Join SRQCountyParks supervisor, Tim Treece and environmental specialist, Jeff Weber for a short nature walk at Blackburn Point Park SRQCounty By Sarasota County Play Facebook Hi, my name's Tim I'm with Sarasota County beaches and water access division of parks and recreation. Charles W Brustlin, Loretta W Brustlin, and two other persons spent some time in this place. So Rick spent much time with Lesley and comforted her after she miscarried her. There is one company at this address that we know about - Webber Appraisal & Consulting, Inc. Rick was trying to stay away from his brother Jeffs wife Monica. Aurelia currently resides at 2666 Martin Strt, Sarasota, FL 34237-6302. Jeff handles diverse types of appraisal commercial assignments for the firm in Charlotte, Sarasota and Manatee Counties. Substitute name such as Aurelia F Fox, Aurelia Fanny Fox, Aurelia Webber, Aurelia Fox, Aurelia F Webber are option for Aurelia to use. Currently, the listed occupation is Clerical/White Collar. ![]() ![]() ![]() For example, don’t refill a snow thrower’s gas tank in a garage with a heater running nearby. Any heater (portable or installed) can pose a fire hazard when it’s used in the presence of combustible liquids and gases, particularly gasoline.Consult the manufacturer’s installation data and local building or fire safety codes for this information. Just one example is that the heater has to be a safe distance from combustible surfaces. Any permanently installed heater has to be installed so that it doesn’t become a fire hazard.For example, unless a manufacturer specifically states otherwise, an electric heater intended for hard-wired installation should not be modified so that it can be plugged into an outlet. Never modify any heater such that it can be used in a manner that the manufacturer did not intend.Consult the checklist below if you have any doubts. Still, there are safe and unsafe ways to use these heaters. There’s no need for a building permit to use one of these in a garage. ![]() Using a 120-volt space heater is simpler same goes for small propane-fired and kerosene heaters. Many licensed contractors do code-compliant work but still look on the actual permitting as a nuisance, and so avoid it. Don’t be surprised, however, if a contractor tells you that if you want the work permitted, you’ll have to file for it yourself. Permitted installations are inspected by the town or whatever authority has jurisdiction over this work where you live, and this increases the likelihood of a safe installation. The first words out of both their mouths were identical: “Pull a permit.” That is, if you plan to use a permanently installed electric or gas-fired garage heater, you need to file a building permit for the work (whether you do the work yourself or hire a contractor). Your overarching concern in heating a garage is safety. We also spoke with David Shapiro, an electrician, author, and expert on old house wiring who contributes to electrical product and installation standards.īoth men agree on one thing. He’s also HVAC manager for Russo Brothers in East Hanover, New Jersey. So we picked the brain of Pat Porzio, a mechanical engineer and multi-licensed tradesman (electrical, plumbing, HVAC). There’s a lot to account for when using a heater to make your garage a safe and comfortable environment. Best Portable Electric: NewAir Portable.Best All-Season: Dyna-Glo Electric Garage Heater.Best Two-Stage Heating: King Electric KB ECO2S 2-Stage.Read on for quick info on the best garage heaters, things to know when buying and installing one, and in-depth reviews. Luckily, there are dedicated garage heaters just for that. But heating the garage is no small matter, since most aren’t designed to be warmed. Even down south, it’s not unusual to find the garage is somewhere in the range of 40 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit until it warms up a bit in the late afternoon. In most parts of the United States, the typical garage is so cold in the winter that it’s not usable, particularly if you have any hope of spending time at your workbench. ![]() ![]() ![]() And with the added bonus of a digital copy, you can enjoy 'Free Guy' in all its glory on any device. The HDR brings out the richness and depth of the image, making for a truly immersive viewing experience. Buzz debate from Toy Story.Ĭheck it all out in the video above! For more from these two (and some surprising cameos, apparently), go see Free Guy when it hits theaters on Aug. The visuals in 'Free Guy' are absolutely stunning, with vibrant colors and incredible detail that truly bring the video game world to life. Or, you can rent or purchase Ryan Reynolds and Jodie Comer’s action-comedy wherever you. ![]() Not to mention, hot takes on the eternal Woody vs. You might still be able to catch Free Guy in theaters, should you feel like heading out to the movies. Just watch their infectious enthusiasm here as Jodie nails this one:Ĭome for the chemistry between these two, stay for Ryan's incredibly realistic musings on his "wafer-thin chocolate"-based fantasy world. Luckily, he was a great sport and helped Jodie figure out some of our unfortunately United States-based questions. Jodie Comer may be best known for Killing Eve, but shes been breaking into the world of movies recently with Ridley Scotts The Last Duel and the Ryan Reynolds video game comedy Free Guy. Jodie Comer has explained how playing Villanelle in Killing Eve prepared her for a dual role in new movie Free Guy, also starring Ryan Reynolds. COMING UP: 7 AM ET - Wake Up America 9 AM ET. When Ryan opened the game with a fake question about Winston Churchill's childhood cat, we knew we were in for a treat. Watch NEWSMAX LIVE for the latest news and analysis on todays top stories, right here on Facebook. These two just clearly know how to have a great time together. That's why when we had a chance to sit down with Ryan himself, as well as his costar Jodie Comer, we had to quiz them on a place where limits do exist: real life. published 12 August 2021 In the world of Free Guy, the action is set not only in the digital playground known as Free City, but also in the very world that we inhabit ourselves. With Free Guy now available to stream on Disney+ and HBO Max, as well as being available on home video, you can now watch one of the biggest films of 2021 in the comfort of your own home. It all takes place in a world where players' imaginations can run wild - a world without limits. Jodie Comer ethereally covered Mariah Carey’s chart-topping 1995 hit Fantasy for a slower, gentler version that plays over touching moments from the 2021 film Free Guy. Though Free Guy has Ryan Reynolds front and center, it’s the slow-burn romance between Jodie Comer and Joe Keery’s characters that power the movie. After many years of patiently waiting, Ryan Reynolds's video-game movie Free Guy is finally upon us! As the reviews roll in, it's becoming clear that this just might be one of the funniest and sweetest films of the summer. ![]() ![]() Each trashcan should be placed at least 3 feet from other objects such as mailboxes, vehicles, fences, or other cans. Place trashcan near the street with handle away from the curb.When possible, bag your trash to reduce litter at point of collection and transportation.Is it a holiday? Are you unsure if it’s trash day? When in doubt, put it out!.Please have trash out at curb by 5 a.m.Local staff who know the Vigo County area. ![]() Safe, slow driving in neighborhoods and residential areas.96-gallon rolling trash cart provided with service.Here’s what you get with Residential Pickup We provide you with a 96-gallon rolling trash cart, FREE with service! Also free? Your first month of service! We guarantee the lowest price in Vigo County and that you will get expectational service. Our local staff is ready to help whenever you need us! We are known for being reliable and dependable and you can count on our weekly service. When you sign up for our Residential Pickup service, you will be assigned a specific trash pickup day. If you're only going to own one Trashmen record in your lifetime, you can't do much better than this.You shouldn’t have to worry about your trash. The 2022 release also includes a fine and informative liner essay by John Sellards and Zoe Willard that covers the Trashmen's story in concise form, and this collection is great fun for big kahunas and hodads alike. The two discs share 13 tracks in their digital editions (the 2022 album boasts 21 tracks on CD and 16 in its vinyl edition), but The Best of the Trashmen ups the ante with two unreleased numbers (covers of Buddy Holly's "True Love" and Chuck Berry's "Reelin' and Rockin") and a well-chosen set list, as well as the improved audio that comes with 30 years of advancements in mastering technology. The independent reissue label Sundazed Records has been documenting the Trashmen's glory days with a series of archival releases since 1990, and 2022's The Best of the Trashmen is the label's second shot at a definitive single-disc career overview, following 1992's Tube City!: The Best of the Trashmen. It gave the Trashmen the national recognition they deserved, though, and 1965's "Bird Dance Beat" was a worthy follow-up. Their finest surf sides captured a touch of the madness of "Surfin' Bird," and Steve Wahrer knew when to bust out his freakish vocal style for effect, but ultimately "Surfin' Bird" was a glorious anomaly. ![]() Even though they hailed from Minneapolis, Minnesota, about 1,800 miles from the Pacific Ocean, the Trashmen's heart was in surf music, and at their best their blend of splashy, reverb-soaked guitar ( Tony Andreason on lead guitar, Dal Winslow on rhythm) and lean, propulsive rhythms ( Bob Reed on bass and Wahrer on drums) was as satisfying as any band in the Golden State. ![]() "Surfin' Bird" became a Top Five hit and a career-defining smash within months of its initial release - not bad for a low-budget 45 financed by the band themselves - and it earned them a reputation they couldn't truly satisfy. "Ah-well-ah everybody's heard about the bird!" The gritty bray with which Steve Wahrer uttered those deathless words made the Trashmen's 1963 debut single, "Surfin' Bird," an instant classic in its first four seconds, and the song actually got better from there. ![]() ![]() ![]() Players are able to control their characters and interact with the virtual world by using various controller systems. Each individual computer generates the first person view that the computer character sees in the virtual world, hence the player sees through the eyes of the computer character. In a typical first-person shooter (FPS) deathmatch session, players connect individual computers together via a computer network in a peer-to-peer model or a client–server model, either locally or over the Internet. The deathmatch is an evolution of competitive multiplayer modes found in game genres such as fighting games and racing games moving into other genres. The deathmatch may end on a frag limit or a time limit, and the winner is the player that accumulated the greatest number of frags. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)ĭeathmatch, also known as free-for-all, is a gameplay mode integrated into many shooter games, including first-person shooter (FPS), and real-time strategy (RTS) video games, where the goal is to kill (or "frag") the other players' characters as many times as possible. ( April 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. In this game, there is so much drive and action that what it is is quite enough.This article's factual accuracy is disputed. As for the graphics, then generally do not care that it is all angular. It's nice to just listen to them, but in the game it's one pleasure. I can’t mention that the game has an awesome soundtrack written by Front Line Assembly and Sonic Mayhem. Well, a lot of useful bonuses, such as stealth, flying, improved protection. The damage you inflict is increased 4 times, and a blue halo envelops you, making it easy to determine who owns a quek. Outwardly, it looks like a blue game icon, raising it for a while to make you stronger. And on some maps you can find mega life, or you can raise Quake. More on the map are scattered rounds, first-aid kits, Bonia. They are scattered around the map and appear in the same places. There are several types of weapons on each map, but not all. Here it looks more like a plasma gun, although the damage is the same. Although in the third quake, the BFG is a bit different from the canon. BFG - Big Fucking Gun, a weapon whose shots will destroy anyone in their path. For those familiar with Quake and Doom, you do not need to explain what a BFG is. Positioned in the game as a sniper rifle. A weapon that releases a lightning bolt.You see the crowd - they have fallen down without looking - somebody will definitely move away. It is great for a regime where everyone is for himself. ![]() It does great damage over short distances. It’s also basic, not very strong, but very handy. ![]() ![]() always available, like a knife in counter strike. The choice you will provide a lot of fighters and a lot of arenas.Īlso will provide you with 9 types of weapons: There are 4 maps at each level, and 7 levels in total, including the final one, in which you will be confronted by the arena champion. And also there is something like a contest in which we will need to go through the levels alternately, battling bots. In single player mode, everything is the same as in multiplayer, but only with bots. It's just a mess, the name speaks for itself. Whose command will pick up more frags, those and great. Everything is elementary simple: red against blue. The enemy flag will be defended, unless your flag is in place. In capturing the flags, your task will be to grab the flag of the enemy team and bring it to your own. Then the winner fights with the next participant. In a tournament, the battle goes one on one. Since the basis of games is multiplayer, we’ll start with it. The game has single player and multiplayer. And now the game can be played online in a browser. Quake 3: Arena is a multiplayer first-person shooter developed by Id Software and published by Activision in 1999. ![]() ![]() ![]() We get 906 Sprinters in here that have the blue coolant, the yellow coolant (G05. G11, while not having been used by VAG since the 1996-97 changeover, is still used (they call it something else) by BMW, and some MB products have used it as recently as 2009. ![]() Which makes this extremely easy to keep track of. Every 4cyl TDI has it printed on the coolant bottle. These two coolants are NOT compatible, and cause cooling system degradation.Įvery water cooled Volkswagen since the late '80s has, somewhere under the hood, a tag that specifies what coolant the car uses. Toyota specifies the red as "Long Life" and the pink as "Super Long Life", or SLL. Toyota's red coolant was replaced YEARS ago, the running change started around 2004-2006, depending on model/plant, with a prediluted pink coolant. All of these have been in older cars, and those same brands now use the Asian blue stuff. There ARE coolants that are blue-green, as used in some Hyundai/Kia products, some Nissans, and some Hondas. I should also add, that G11 is inky blue, it is NOT "blue-green". Never use a coolant for Asian cars in any VW product. Euro spec coolants DO NOT contain phosphates. They also contain silicates but so do Euro spec HOAT coolants. That's why I included the Asian coolants. The take away here is that not all HOAT coolants are created the same. An OAT coolant that contains phosphates is technically a HOAT coolant. Asian specification coolants are PHOSPHATED OAT coolants. OAT technology with a small amount of silicates added.Īsian Blue & Asian red are the exact same coolants except for the color. G05: a HOAT coolant that is basically the same formula as G12++. Non-OAT formula, contains borates, phosphates, and silicates. G48: The old VW G11 formula, the green/blue stuff. The amount of glycerine based glycol is around 10% of the total glycol content. All G13 is VW specifies a little bit of glycol derived from glycerine instead of 100% petrochemical based. Don't get all hung up on G13, it's not that special. The hybrid means some silicates were added. G40: VW G12++ and G13 compatible, HOAT (Hybrid Organic Acid technology). The first OAT (Organic Acid Technology) coolant This includes anything made by Prestone and Peak. A very brief description of each coolant starting from left to right.ĭex-Cool: Run away from anything that has Dex-Cool on the label. Not all NAPA stores stock all the varieties of Zerex coolant. This is the first time I saw all the Zerex products together. I took this photo at a NAPA store a few months ago. Contains some silicates and glycerin made from renewable sources as a substitute to some of the ethylene glycol. Contains silicates, borates, and nitrates. They talk about VW coolants around the 10 minute mark. I can demystify all the confusion about VW coolants. ![]() |
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